20230322 16120700 1.0 TRUE TRUE LUP_1km_2009y The new urban sprawl metric, named „Weighted Urban Proliferation“ (WUP) is based on the following definition of urban sprawl: the more area built over in a given landscape (amount of built-up area) and the more dispersed this built-up area in the landscape (spatial configuration), and the higher the uptake of built-up area per inhabitant or job (lower utilization intensity in the built-up area), the higher the degree of urban sprawl. Weighted Urban Proliferation (WUP) metric has three components: the percentage of built-up areas, the dispersion of the built-up areas, and land uptake per person. Land uptake per person (inhabitants and jobs) (LUP) describes the use of urban built-up area by people working and living in that area. Built-up areas with many inhabitants and employees are considered to be better used and accordingly less sprawled. Accordingly, the metric includes a weighting factor, w2(LUP), which is always smaller than 1. When LUP is higher than 250 m2/inh. or job, the w2(LUP) is close to 1. When it is less than 100 m2/inh. or job (e.g., in downtown areas), the w2(LUP) is close to 0 because such areas are not considered to be sprawled. Accordingly, when utilization density is less than 4,000 inhabitants and jobs per km2, the weighting factor is close to 1, and when it is more than 10,000 inhabitants and jobs per km2, the weighting factor is nearly 0. The value of 4,500 inhabitants and jobs per km2 corresponds to the limit of 400 m2 of urban area per inhabitant (without taking jobs into consideration) suggested by the Swiss Federal Council in 2002 as a maximum acceptable average value (Swiss Federal Council 2008, p. 27). 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